UCL logo

UCL Discovery

UCL home » Library Services » Electronic resources » UCL Discovery

Browse by UCL Departments and Centres

Up a level
Export as [feed] RSS 2.0 [feed] RSS 1.0 [feed] Atom
Group by: Author | Type
Jump to: A | B | C | D | F | G | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | W | Y | Z
Number of items: 97.

A

Ahn, H and Brandani, S (2003) Dynamics of Carbon Dioxide Breakthrough in a Monolith Column. In: (Proceedings) Proceedings of AIChE Annual Meeting, 16th-21st November, San Francisco, USA.

Alle, A and Pinto, JM and Papageorgiou, LG (2003) Economic Lot Scheduling under Performance Decay. In: (Proceedings) FOCAPO 2003 Conference. (pp. 307 - 310).

Amador, C and Angeli, P and Gavriilidis, A and Shaw, J and Wenn, D (2003) Analysis of mass transfer and chemical reaction in a mesh microreactor. In: (Proceedings) Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Process Intensification and Miniturisation, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, CD-ROM.

Amador, C and Angeli, P and Gavriilidis, A and Shaw, J and Wenn, D (2003) Meniscus Shape, Position and Stability in Straight Pores. In: (Proceedings) Proceedings of AIChE Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CD-ROM.

Amador, C and Gavriilidis, A and Angeli, P (2003) Flow Distribution in Different Microreactors Scale-Out Geometries and the Effect on Manufacturing Tolerances and Channel Blocking. In: (Proceedings) Book of Abstracts, 7th International Conference on Microreaction Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland. (pp. 321 - 323).

B

Baratti, R and Tronci, S and Zanfir, M and Gavriilidis, A (2003) Optimal Catalyst Distribution in Catalytic Plate Reactors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING , 1 , Article ARTN A58.

Bemporad, A and Morari, M and Dua, V and Pistikopoulos, EN (2003) The explicit linear quadratic regulator for constrained systems (vol 38, pg 3, 2002). AUTOMATICA , 39 (10) 1845 - 1846. 10.1016/S0005-1098(03)00190-0.

Brandani, S and Silva, JAC and Da Silva, FA and Rodrigues, AE (2003) Comments on "An analytical solution for the analysis of zero-length-column experiments with heat effects" (multiple letters). Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research , 42 (9) 2033 - 2034.

Braunschweig, BL and Fraga, ES and Guessoum, Z and Paen, D and Yang, A (2003) COGents: Cognitive middleware agents to e-CAPE. In: Stanford-Smith, B and Chiozza, E and Edin, M, (eds.) (Proceedings) Proceedings of Proc. Challenges and Achievements in E-Business and E-Work. (pp. 1182 - 1189).

Brett, DJL and Atkins, S and Brandon, NP and Vesovic, V and Vasileiadis, N and Kucernak, A (2003) Localized impedance measurements along a single channel of a solid polymer fuel cell. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters , 6 (4) A63 - A66.

Brillis, AA and Manos, G (2003) Coke formation during catalytic cracking of C-8 aliphatic hydrocarbons over ultrastable Y zeolite. IND ENG CHEM RES , 42 (11) 2292 - 2298. 10.1021/ie020460w.

Brillis, AA and Manos, G (2003) Deactivation studies during catalytic cracking of C-8 aliphatic hydrocarbons over ultrastable Y-zeolite. Conversion and product yield profiles with time onstream. CATAL LETT , 91 (3-4) 185 - 191.

Briscoe, BJ and Mahgerefteh, H and Suga, S (2003) The effect of gamma irradiation on the pressure dependence of the room temperature transition in PTFE. POLYMER , 44 (3) 783 - 791.

C

Cammarata, L and Lettieri, P and Micale, GDM and Colman, D (2003) 2D and 3D CFD Simulations of Bubbling Fluidized Beds Using Eulerian-Eulerian Models. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING , 1 , Article ARTN A48.

Chan, S and Sorensen, E and Titchener-Hooker, N (2003) Optimal operation of simulated moving bed chromatographic processes. In: (Proceedings) Proceedings of ECCE'4, Granada, Spain.

Cherntongchai, P and Brandani, S (2003) A Model for the Interpretation of the Bed Collapse Experiment. In: (Proceedings) Proceedings of AIChE Annual Meeting, 16th-21st November, San Francisco, USA.

Cherntongchai, P and Brandani, S (2003) Liquid Phase Counter-Diffusion Measurements of Aromatics in Silicalite Using the ZLC Method. Adsorption , 9 197 - 204.

Coppens, M and Malek, K (2003) Dynamic Monte-Carlo simulations of diffusion limited reactions in rough nanopores. Chemical Engineering Science , 58 (21) 4787 - 4795. 10.1016/j.ces.2002.11.001.

Coppens, M and Malek, K (2003) Knudsen self- and Fickian diffusion in rough nanoporous media. Journal of Chemical Physics , 119 (5) 2801 - 2811. 10.1063/1.1584652.

Coppens, M and Maschmeyer, T and Shan, Z and Sun, JH (2003) Synthesis of bimodal nanostructured silicas with independently controlled small and large mesopore sizes. Langmuir , 19 (20) 8395 - 8402. 10.1021/la0351156.

Coppens, M and van Ommen, JR (2003) Structuring chaotic fluidized beds. Chemical Engineering Journal , 96 (1-3) 117 - 124.

Coppens, M and Van Ommen, JR and Gheorghiu, S (2003) Power-law distribution of pressure fluctuations in multiphase flow. Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear and Soft Matter Physics , 67 (41) 10.1103/PhysRevE.67.041305.
An open access version is available from UCL Discovery
file

D

D J L Brett, ARK and S Atkins, NPB and V Vesovic, ANV (2003) In-situ Analysis of Solid Polymer Fuel Cells (Localised Impedance Measurements). In: (Proceedings) Electrochem.

Di Federico, G and Camplone, I and Brandani, S and Barker, J (2003) Coal Characterization for Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Purposes. In: (Proceedings) Proceedings of NATO-ASI Fluid Transport in Nanoporous Materials, 15th-17th June, La Colle Sur Loup, France.

Dua, V and Pistikopoulos, EN (2003) Parametric optimization in process systems engineering: theory and algorithms. Proc. Indian National Science Academy , 69A 429 - 444.

Dunne, LJ and Manos, G and Du, ZM (2003) Exact statistical mechanical one-dimensional lattice model of alkane binary mixture adsorption in zeolites and comparision with Monte-Carlo simulations. CHEM PHYS LETT , 377 (5-6) 551 - 556. 10.1016/S0009-2614(03)01175-8.

F

Falope, GBO and Mahgerefteh, H (2003) Modeling transient stresses in spherical vessels during blowdown under fire attack. AICHE J , 49 (5) 1307 - 1316.

Falope, GBO and Mahgerefteh, H (2003) Modelling ductile failure propagation during blowdown under localized jet fire attack. P I MECH ENG E-J PRO , 217 (E2) 93 - 101.

Fraga, ES and Mackute, A and Zilinskas, A (2003) Empirical study of multimodality of objective function in optimal process design. In: Pranevicius, H and Zavadskas, E and Rapp, B, (eds.) MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF BUSINESS SYSTEMS. (pp. 18 - 21). KAUNAS UNIV TECHNOLOGY PRESS

Fraga, ES and Papageorgiou, LG (2003) A Hybrid Optimisation Approach for Water Distribution Network Design. In: Griffiths, DF and Watson, GA, (eds.) (Proceedings) 20th Biennial Conference in Numerical Analysis, University of Dundee, Scotland.

Fraga, ES and Papageorgiou, LG and Sharma, R (2003) Discrete model and visualization interface for water distribution network design. In: Kraslawski, A and Turunen, I, (eds.) EUROPEAN SYMPOSIUM ON COMPUTER AIDED PROCESS ENGINEERING - 13. (pp. 119 - 124). ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV

Fraga, ES and Wang, K and Salhi, A (2003) Interactivity and automated process design. Chemical Engineering and Technology , 26 (8) 823 - 827.

Fraga, ES and Zilinskas, A (2003) Evaluation of hybrid optimization methods for the optimal design of heat integrated distillation sequences. ADV ENG SOFTW , 34 (2) 73 - 86.

G

Gatica, G and Papageorgiou, LG and Shah, N (2003) An Aggregation Approach for Capacity Planning under Uncertainty for the Pharmaceutical Industry. In: (Proceedings) Proceedings of FOCAPO 2003 Conference. (pp. 245 - 248).

Gatica, G and Papageorgiou, LG and Shah, N (2003) Capacity planning under uncertainty for the pharmaceutical industry. CHEM ENG RES DES , 81 (A6) 665 - 678.

Gavriilidis, A (2003) A Step Change in Chemical Reaction Engineering: Microreaction Technology. Chemical Engineering Research and Design , 81 709 - 710.

Gavriilidis, A (2003) Microreaction Technology: Small is Beautiful. UCL Science , 17 15 - 16.

Guadix, A and Sorensen, E and Papageorgiou, LG and Guadix, EM (2003) Optimal Design and Operation of Batch Ultrafiltration Systems. In: Kraslawski, A and Turunen, I, (eds.) (Proceedings) 13th European Symposium on Computer-Aided Process Engineering. (pp. 149 - 154).

Guadix, A and Sorensen, E and Papageorgiou, LG and Guadix, EM (2003) Optimal design and operation of batch ultrafiltration systems. In: Kraslawski, A and Turunen, I, (eds.) EUROPEAN SYMPOSIUM ON COMPUTER AIDED PROCESS ENGINEERING - 13. (pp. 149 - 154). ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV

Guessoum, Z and Nadjemi, O and Braunschweig, B and Roux, P and Yang, A and Fraga, ES and Stalker, ID and Pi ol, D and Serra, M and Paen, D (2003) Agent-based computer-aided process engineering. In: Braunschweig, B and Alvarado, M and Ba ares Alc ntara, R and Sheremetov, L, (eds.) (Proceedings) Proceedings of the 2nd workshop "Intelligent Computing in the Petroleum Industry" (ICPI '03). (pp. 68 - 73).

J

Jalili, SE and Dunne, LJ and Manos, G and Khettar, A (2003) Statistical mechanics of a two-dimensional lattice model of benzene adsorption in zeolites. CHEM PHYS LETT , 367 (3-4) 324 - 329.

Johnson, DB (2003) Integrated design under uncertainty for pharmaceutical processes. Doctoral thesis, University of London.
An open access version is available from UCL Discovery
file

Jones, AG and Zauner, R and Rigopoulos, S (2003) Mixing and scale-up of crystal precipitation systems. In: (Proceedings) Industrial Crystallization: BACG Annual Conference. : Oxford.

K

Kougoulos, E and Jones, AG and Wood-Kaczmar, K (2003) Scale-Up of Organic Crystallization Processes. In: (Proceedings) AIChE National Meeting, Recent Developments in Crystallization and Evaporation. (pp. Paper 310B - ?). New York: AIChE: San Francisco, CA, USA.

Kucernak, A and Vasileiadis, N and Brandon, N and Brett, D (2003) Measurements of reactant transport down a single PEFC channel using localised DC and EIS. In: (Proceedings) European Fuel Cell Forum,. (pp. 421 - 438).

L

Lettieri, P and Cammarata, L and Micale, G and Yates, JG (2003) Computational Fluid-dynamics simulations of gas fluidized beds using different Eulerian modelling approaches. IJCRE, article A5 , 1 1 - 21.

Levis, AA and Papageorgiou, LG (2003) Capacity Planning for the Pharmaceutical Industry. In: (Proceedings) IChemE CAPE Workshop.

Levis, AA and Papageorgiou, LG (2003) Multi-site capacity planning for the pharmaceutical industry using mathematical programming. In: Kraslawski, A and Turunen, I, (eds.) EUROPEAN SYMPOSIUM ON COMPUTER AIDED PROCESS ENGINEERING - 13. (pp. 1097 - 1102). ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV

Li, N and Wang, AQ and Tang, JW and Wang, XD and Liang, DB and Zhang, T (2003) NO reduction by CH4 in the presence of excess O-2 over Co/sulfated zirconia catalysts. APPL CATAL B-ENVIRON , 43 (2) 195 - 201.

Low, KH (2003) Optimal configuration, design and operation of batch distillation processes. Doctoral thesis, University of London.
An open access version is available from UCL Discovery
file

Low, KH and Sorensen, E (2003) Simultaneous optimal design and operation of multivessel batch distillation. AICHE J , 49 (10) 2564 - 2576.

Lum, JY-L and Ioannou, K and Lovick, J and Angeli, P (2003) Oil-water characteristics in an inclined pipe. In: (Proceedings) Proceedings of the 4th European Congress of Chemical Engineering (CD-ROM), Granada, Spain, 21- 25 September.

M

Mahgerefteh, H (2003) Particle Analysis Apparatus, January 2003. United Kingdom Patent No. 992789.

Mahgerefteh, H and Briscoe, BJ (2003) Gamma irradiation induced structural changes in PTFE: Mixing, Reactions and Mass Transfer in Polymer Systems. In: (Proceedings) Proceedings of AIChE Annual Meeting, San Francisco, USA, 16th - 21st November. (pp. Paper 97b - ?).

Mahgerefteh, H and Falope, GBO (2003) Modelling thermal response in spherical vessels during blowdown under fire attack. AIChE Journal , 49 (5) 1307 - 1316. 10.1002/aic.690490522.

Mahgerefteh, H and Gerazounis, S (2003) On-line particulate emission monitor. POWDER TECHNOL , 131 (2-3) 185 - 196. 10.1016/S0032-5910(02)00342-X.

Mahgerefteh, H and Kamugasha, D (2003) Twin cantilever in-situ particle size analyser: Characterisation of Engineered Particles. In: (Proceedings) Proceedings of AIChE Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 16th - 21st November. (pp. Paper 39g - ?).

Mahgerefteh, H and Vahedi, S (2003) Numerical modelling of the effect of bottlenecking on outflow following rupture of pressurised pipelines: Novel Numerical Methods in Fluid Mechanics. In: (Proceedings) Proceeding of AIChE Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 16th - 21st November. (pp. Paper 458I - ?).

Marriott, J and Sorensen, E (2003) A general approach to modelling membrane modules. CHEM ENG SCI , 58 (22) 4975 - 4990. 10.1016/j.ces.2003.07.005.

Marriott, J and Sorensen, E (2003) The optimal design of membrane systems. CHEM ENG SCI , 58 (22) 4991 - 5004. 10.1016/j.ces.2003.07.011.

Murru, M and Gavriilidis, A (2003) Catalytic Combustion of Methane in a Membrane Reactor. In: (Proceedings) Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Multifunctional Reactors, Bath. (pp. 113 - 116).

N

Nori, M and Brandani, S (2003) A Model for Sound Propagation in the Presence of Microporous Solids. In: (Proceedings) Proceedings of the AIChe Annual Meeting, 16th-21st November, San Francisco, USA.

O

O'Grady, ARF and Bogle, IDL and Fraga, ES (2003) An adaptive interval algorithm to identify the globally optimal process structure. In: Chen, B and Westerberg, AW, (eds.) PROCESS SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 2003, PTS A AND B. (pp. 576 - 581). ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV

O'Grady, ARF and Bogle, IDL and Fraga, ES (2003) An adaptive interval algorithm to identify the globally optimal process structure in conceptual design. In: Chen, B and Westerberg, AW, (eds.) (Proceedings) Process Systems Engineering 2003, Parts A & B, Chemical Engineering 15. (pp. 576 - 581). Elsevier: Amsterdam.

O'Grady, ARF and Fraga, ES and Bogle, IDL (2003) An interval based adaptive approach to process synthesis. In: (Proceedings) Proceedings of PSE2003, Kunming, China. Elsevier

O'Grady, ARF and Papageorgiou, LG and Fraga, ES (2003) Design and optimization of environmentally benign processes. PINSA (Physical Sciences) , 69 (3 & 4) 445 - 456.

Oke, A and Mahgerefteh, H and Economou, I and Rykov, Y (2003) A transient outflow model for pipeline puncture. CHEM ENG SCI , 58 (20) 4591 - 4604. 10.1016/S0009-2509(03)00338-5.

P

Patsiatzis, DI and Papageorgiou, LG (2003) Efficient solution approaches for the multifloor process plant layout problem. IND ENG CHEM RES , 42 (4) 811 - 824. 10.1021/ie020586t.

Pistikopoulos, EN and Dua, V and Ryu, JH (2003) Global optimization of bilevel programming problems via parametric programming. In: Floudas, CA and Pardalos, P, (eds.) FRONTIERS IN GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION. (pp. 457 - 476). KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS

Pistikopoulos, EN and Dua, V and Ryu, JH (2003) Global optimization of bilevel programming problems via parametric programming. In: Floudas, CA and Pardalos, PM, (eds.) Nonconvex Optimization and Its Applications. Kluwer Academic Publishers

Pixopoulou, N and Papageorgiou, LG (2003) A mixed integer optimisation model for preventive maintenance of production plants. In: Bedford, T and VanGelder, PHA, (eds.) SAFETY AND RELIABILITY, VOLS 1 AND 2. (pp. 1241 - 1246). A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS

Pratola, F and Simons, SJR and Jones, AG and Brunsteiner, M and Price, SL (2003) Towards a Fundamental Understanding of the Mechanic of Crystal Agglomeration: A Microscopic and Molecular Approach. In: (Proceedings) 4th International Conference on Conveying and Handling of Particulate Solids.. Paper 099: Budapest, Hungary.

R

Ren, LL and Zhang, T and Tang, JW and Zhao, JF and Li, N and Lin, LW (2003) Promotional effect of colloidal alumina on the activity of the In/HZSM-5 catalyst for the selective reduction of NO with methane. APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL , 41 (1-2) 129 - 136.

Rigopoulos, S and Jones, A (2003) A hybrid CFD - reaction engineering framework for multiphase reactor modelling: basic concept and application to bubble column reactors. CHEM ENG SCI , 58 (14) 3077 - 3089. 10.1016/S0009-2509(03)00179-9.

Rigopoulos, S and Jones, A (2003) Modeling of semibatch agglomerative gas-liquid precipitation of CaCO3 in a bubble column reactor. IND ENG CHEM RES , 42 (25) 6567 - 6575. 10.1021/ie020851a.

Rigopoulos, S and Jones, AG (2003) Finite-element scheme for solution of the dynamic population balance equation. AICHE J , 49 (5) 1127 - 1139.

Roberts, K and Jones, AG (2003) Engineering the Precipitation of Organic Fine Chemical Products: Current Capabilities & Future Challenges. In: (Proceedings) 6th International Workshop on the Crystal Growth of Organic Materials (CGOM-6). : University of Strathclyde, Glasgow.

Roe, B and Shah, N and Papageorgiou, LG (2003) A hybrid CLP and MILP approach to batch process scheduling. In: Chen, B and Westerberg, AW, (eds.) PROCESS SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 2003, PTS A AND B. (pp. 582 - 587). ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV

Rouse, A and Brandani, S and Ruthven, DM (2003) A study of a Dual Piston Driven Pressure Swing Adsorption System for the Separation of CO2. In: (Proceedings) Proceedings of the AIChE Annual Meeting, 16th-21st November, San Francisco, USA.

Rouse, AJ and Brandani, S (2003) Efficient modelling of a Dual Piston Driven PSA Process for the Separation of CO2. In: (Proceedings) Proceedings of CRYSTAL Faraday Partnership Workshop "Research Challenges in Separation Technologies", 3rd-4th April, St Albans.

S

Salman, W and Gavriilidis, A and Angeli, P (2003) A Model for Predicting Axial Mixing during Gas-Liquid Taylor Flow in Microreactors at Low Peclet Numbers. In: (Proceedings) Book of Abstracts, 7th International Conference on Microreaction Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland. (pp. 83 - 85).

Simeonidis, E and Rison, SCG and Thornton, JM and Bogle, IDL and Papageorgiou, LG (2003) Analysis of metabolic networks using a pathway distance metric through linear programming. METAB ENG , 5 (3) 211 - 219. 10.1016/S1096-7176(03)00043-3.

Stalker, ID and Firth, RAS and Fraga, ES (2003) Engineer computer interaction for automated process design in COGents. In: Kraslawski, A and Turunen, I, (eds.) EUROPEAN SYMPOSIUM ON COMPUTER AIDED PROCESS ENGINEERING - 13. (pp. 299 - 304). ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV

Stalker, ID and Fraga, ES and von Wedel, L and Yang, A (2003) Using design prototypes to build an ontology for automated process design. In: Kraslawski, A and Turunen, I, (eds.) EUROPEAN SYMPOSIUM ON COMPUTER AIDED PROCESS ENGINEERING - 13. (pp. 293 - 298). ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV

T

Tang, JW and Wang, DF and Zou, ZG and Ye, JH (2003) Modification of photophysical properties of WO3 by doping different metals. FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS VII , 423-4 163 - 166.

Tang, JW and Zhang, T and Liang, DB and Lin, LW (2003) Reduction of NO by CH4 with microwave heating. TOPICS IN CATALYSIS , 22 (1-2) 59 - 63.

Tang, JW and Zhang, T and Ma, L and Li, N (2003) Direct decomposition of NO activated by microwave discharge. INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH , 42 (24) 5993 - 5999. 10.1021/ie0304208.

Tang, JW and Zou, ZG and Ye, JH (2003) Photophysical and photocatalytic properties of AgInW2O8. J PHYS CHEM B , 107 (51) 14265 - 14269. 10.1021/jp0359891.

Tang, JW and Zou, ZG and Yin, J and Ye, J (2003) Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue on Caln(2)O(4) under visible light irradiation. CHEM PHYS LETT , 382 (1-2) 175 - 179. 10.1016/j.cplett.2003.10.062.

Teoh, HK and Sorensen, E and Titchener-Hooker, N (2003) Optimal operating policies for closed-loop recycling HPLC processes. CHEM ENG SCI , 58 (18) 4145 - 4158. 10.1016/S0009-2509(03)00287-2.

W

Wan, YSS and Gavriilidis, A and Yeung, KL (2003) 1-Pentene epoxidation in titanium silicalite-1 microchannel reactor - Experiments and modelling. CHEM ENG RES DES , 81 (A7) 753 - 759.

Wang, K and Salhi, A and Fraga, ES (2003) Cluster analysis and visualisation enhanced genetic algorithm. In: Computer Aided Chemical Engineering. (pp. 642 - 647).

Y

Yates, JG and Cheesman, DJ and Lettieri, P and Newton, D (2003) X-ray analysis of fluidized beds and other multiphase systems. KONA Powder and Particle , 20 133 - 143.

Yeong, KK and Gavriilidis, A and Zapf, R and Hessel, V (2003) Catalyst preparation and deactivation issues for nitrobenzene hydrogenation in a microstructured falling film reactor. CATALYSIS TODAY , 81 (4) 641 - 651. 10.1016/S0920-5861(03)00162-7.

Yeong, KK and Gavriilidis, A and Zapf, R and Hessel, V (2003) Effect of Catalyst Preparation Methods on the Performance of a Microstructured Falling Film Reactor in Nitrobenzene Hydrogenation. In: (Proceedings) Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Process Intensification and Miniturisation, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, CD-ROM.

Z

Zanfir, M and Gavriilidis, A (2003) Catalytic combustion assisted methane steam reforming in a catalytic plate reactor. CHEM ENG SCI , 58 (17) 3947 - 3960. 10.1016/S0009-2509(03)00279-3.

Zanfir, M and Gavriilidis, A (2003) Influence of Flow Arrangement in Catalytic Plate Reactors. In: (Proceedings) Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Multifunctional Reactors, Bath. (pp. 80 - 83).

This list was generated on Sun May 19 07:21:39 2013 BST.